Dementia represents one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in this century. More than 50 million people worldwide suffer from dementia, and this number is predicted to triple by 2050. Ageing is often associated with cognitive impairment. Therefore, prevention of cognitive impairment is an imperative. Dementia includes a heterogeneous group of disorders, the most common being Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Most cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation and smoking are not exclusive risk factors for vascular dementia but also for Alzheimer’s disease. The ApoE4 allele is the single non-modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Today we know that an important, modifiable risk factor is education. Better education means better protection against dementia. A large number of dementia cases are potentially preventable by early intervention. Early changes in the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound methods or early biomarkers. These methods allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Early disease detection enables timely management, and studies have shown that careful control of vascular risk factors can postpone the onset or even reverse disease progression.